Layers of Architecture

There are tons of architects out there today. It seems when you’ve spent enough time as a developer, you end up becoming an architect.  Architecture is not just the next step in a developers career. There are whole new disciplines and methodologies applicable to architecture. That said here are the common levels of architecture.

Enterprise Architecture (planner)

Enterprise architecture is a high level field that concentrates on how the various domains or subject areas interact. This layer spends even more time focusing on how technology will be utilized in the future, and governing how it is used today. Enterprise architects work to create technology roadmaps and work with the business to plan for the implementation. Enterprise architects create technology projects. It is at this layer where frameworks like TOGAF and taxonomies like Zachman come into play. This layer view the enterprise as a holistic entity.

 

Solution Architecture (designer)

A solution is an answer to a question. The question in this case is typically an IT project. The solution architect’s primary objective is to design a solution that meets the projects requirements and also falls in line with the domain and enterprise architecture guidelines. The solution architect is responsible for coordinating with multiple domain architects to design the most appropriate solution. A solution architect may interact with domain architects in infrastructure, web services, data management, and so on. During the course of the project a solution architect will typically create many work products either for communicating the solution to a governance board, to explain the implantation to a developer and various other uses. These work products are eventually owned by the domain architect as codified knowledge of the system after the project implementation.

 

Domain Architecture (owner)

A domain is an area of focus. Domain architects are primarily focused on maintain a specific area of technology or a specific application. These architects are the owners and gatekeepers for a specific area. The work in this area is primarily concerned with the current state of the system. These architects are charged with managing the knowledge for their area. These architects are also responsible for keeping up to date on future projects related to the domain and guiding the designs to meet the overall objectives of the domain. A successful domain architect will know that a future project will require x functionality. When an active project is debating between two possible implementations, the domain architect will be able to guide solution toward the best of the two solutions that meet the future goals.

 

Application or System Architecture(builder)

The application or system architect is primarily focused on the implementation at hand. This is the most detailed level of architecture. An application architect, for instance, would be concerned with the most appropriate design pattern to use in a certain programming situations. These tend to evolve from the most advance developers and engineers. The primary focus here is to implement the best solution for a specific task. Work products that may be produced during this layer are primarily used to communicate to the developers or implementers. In many co-located environments a lead developer often fills this role and very few work products are actually produced. Instead the team may utilized whiteboards or code stubs to communicate the implementation. For larger more dispersed projects, or for outsourced solutions, the application or system architect has a more demanding role for providing detailed implantation instructions. 

 

Conclusion

The various layers of architecture are not meant to be isolated entities. In most situations one architect will fill multiple roles at various levels. Each layer has a unique focus. Understanding the layers helps clarify responsibilities, activates and deliverables. From a career development standpoint individuals can use the layers as the basis for a personal gap analysis and learning plan.

 

I look forward to reading your thoughts and comments.

 

Best of luck in all your endeavors.

Working with Offshore Teams: Tips from the Trenches

I’ve had the opportunity to work with a variety of offshore teams on various projects. While very challenging these relationships can indeed be valuable. So how do you make the most of these partnerships? Here are a few observations.

Language

The most challenging piece of an offshore partnership is the language differences. While most business people around the world speak English, it will typically be a British version and/or be accompanied by a heavy accent. This all becomes more difficult when trying to communicate on a conference call with a choppy reception and the other end sounding like they’re in an auditorium.

How to deal with it. There is no good answer here. Two approaches seem to help, first have someone onsite to act as a translator. This is typically someone from the same vendor, who has been assigned onsite. Ultimately though you need to become accustom to the language, this only comes with time. Surround yourself with people who speak the language. Don’t be afraid to say you don’t understand. When on the phone be sure you’re able to concentrate on the call with little background noise or distractions. Overtime the accents will become more understandable and the language gaps will be clearer.

Communication

Surprisingly talking does not equal communication. When dealing with any remote team, clear communication is critical. To frequently conference calls are stressful and where in a normal situation you would ask for more information, on a call you may feel it’s too difficult and you’ll just send an email. Conference calls are critical for a project. Don’t let them go to waste. Ask questions be sure that your question was understood correctly. I’ve found it’s difficult to get participation from an offshore team on a conference call. Typically one individual will do all the talking. Work to get more than yes and no answers and more participation from the whole team. Also in these calls try to encourage conversation outside the simple status updates, you might find out important information.

Beyond the conference call its important to follow up with a clear recap of what occurred on the call. This helps make sure everyone on the call is on the same page and all action items are assigned. With any remote team, following the activates between discussions is difficult. Use email frequently. Insist on a formal agenda and meeting minutes. Clarify action items and blocking issues. If a blocking issue does arise take care of it immediately.

Culture

There are significant culture differences that come into play when dealing with international vendors. These culture differences are stem from national/ethnic traits, to corporate/vendor culture. There are traits that surface simply due to the continued relocation of team members.

My experience has been that Indians don’t tend to question authority.  I’m not saying challenge authority, but rather look for clarification and understanding. What seems to happen is that individuals will take a message from a higher-up or client that may not be clear, and instead of working with the source to understand it, they will go to their peers to help understand the message. While this may work in some situations, often times it takes much longer to get the right information. When this works the best is when there are a series of mentors available to the offshore team. A series of experienced individuals various team members can turn to. To help this process, try to keep one vendor and one team as long as possible. Inevitably the vendor will swap out resources on you but hopefully you can hang on to a few key resources that can fill this mentor role. When working one-on-one with an offshore resource be sure you have been understood clearly, ask them to repeat what needs to be done, not simply do you understand.

Working culture. These guys work hard, really really hard. They work nights and weekends, often they work far from their families. Even in India they will travel to different cities to work in  central location for a client. It is so important to realize these guys a working really hard for you. Take time to make that personal connection with them (if they let you). Get to know your offshore team by name. Express your gratitude to them individually for their effort. A note about working habits, since these folks don’t technically work for you, they may not tell you when they’re going on vacation. Ask regularly when upcoming holidays are and what vacations are planned so you don’t end up with a skeleton crew right before a huge deployment. If you have on site resources realize when they take vacation it’s typically for a month so they can get back to India.

Conclusion

Offshore and outsource projects can be highly effective if leaders take the time to consider the variety of challenges the show up in these situations. Communication is always a critical component of any business initiative. In an offshore model communication is more important than ever. Leaders are dealing time zone changes, language differences, and cultural differences. All these challenges can be overcome with increased and clear communication.

Types of presentations

An effective way to prepare a presentation is to begin with a clear understanding of the purpose of the presentation. Generally there are three main types of presentation, each with a different goal. Depending on which type you’re targeting, your content and focus may change.

Discussion Presentation

The primary goal of a discussion presentation is to gather input and feedback from the audience. Discussion presentations are most effective when one or more discussion questions are clearly defined and communicated to the audience. Supporting background information is typically provided to provide context before opening up for discussion. A typical audience for a discussion presentation would include subject matter experts and other core individuals. Multiple discussion presentations may occur in order to include all facets and aspects of a discussion. For example an initial discussion may present a challenge and solicit possible options. A second discussion may present the proposed solution to all impacted parties to solicit feedback from those individuals.

Inform Presentation

Informational presentations are typically geared to larger more general audiences. The focus of an informational presentation is more “matter of fact” in nature, discussing the facts of a situation. Presentations of the Inform type don’t typically ask questions of the audience. Ideally those questions that do surface would look to clarify points within the presentation. Inform presentations can also be thought of as training presentations. The objective is to communicate information clearly from one group to another.

Approval Presentation

Once various alternatives have been considered and evaluated, the Approval presentation provides the opportunity to explain the problem and proposed solution for acceptance by leadership or governing entities before moving forward. Effective approval presentations typically frame the problem, as well as process that led to the solution. With the objective of this presentation type concluding with a yes or no decision, all efforts should be made to answer potential questions well before the actual presentation. This type of presentation should avoid debates about the correct way to accomplish something. Those discussions should occur before this in discussion presentations. The result of those debates and discussion should be summarized in the approval presentation.
Effective approval presentations provide a clear explanation of the problem faced, summary of findings and options reviewed, as well as a brief overview of the steps taken that led to the proposed solution. Most importantly the presentation should clearly communicate what the audience is being asked to approve. At the conclusion of the presentation the audience should have a solid understanding of their task at hand and information required to accomplish the task and approve or deny the proposal.

Conclusion

Regardless of your situation, beginning with a clear understanding of your objective is critical for achieving success, and presentations are no exception. Clearly identifying your presentation type enables you to guide and focus the discussion to meet the real objectives of your presentation. Utilizing the Discuss, Approve, and Inform concepts will help you succeed in your future presentations.

Welcome

Christopher Grant is a Technology Leader in Columbus OH with and MBA and over 12 years experience focusing in the Internet and Architecture fields. Christopher is currently employed as a Sr. Technical Architect for Gap Inc Direct. His work with businesses in a wide variety of industries and varying sizes demonstrates his adaptability and versatility. He is classified as INJT on the Myers-Briggs topology. Christopher combines his business background, leadership qualities and comprehensive knowledge of technology to provide organizations with successful long-term strategies and exacting tactical execution.

This blog provides a venue for discussing various topics from business, technology, and whatever else may arise. Please feel free to contact with any questions or comments.

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